Specimen alignment and head holding system for imaging machines

ABSTRACT

A laboratory specimen, such as a mouse or rat, can be accurately and repeatedly imaged in an imaging machine, such as an MRI machine, when securely positioned on a specimen support bed. The support bed includes contours and accessories for centering a specimen on the support bed. One or more bite bars coact with a head clamp to accurately fix a specimen&#39;s head in the same position time after time.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under contracts 1 R41NS050141-01 and 3 R41 NS050141-0151 awarded by the National Institutesof Health (NIH). The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to apparatus for holding aspecimen, such as a laboratory animal, in a fixed position during animaging procedure such as X-ray, CAT, and CT scans and MRI and PETimaging. The invention relates in particular to such apparatus whichprovide for the accurate repeatable positioning of a specimen time andagain within the same imaging machine or within a number of differentimaging machines.

2. Description of Prior Developments

Medical researchers and other investigators often use laboratory animalssuch as rats, mice and other rodents in the course of various studiesand investigations. Such studies sometimes require the use of imagingmachines to produce a series of images of one or more anatomicalfeatures of the specimen over a period of time. Images of the brain,heart and other organs as well as musculoskeletal features are commonlyrepeatedly imaged over a period of time.

In order to take accurate, repeatable images of the same area of thespecimen, the specimen must be held tightly in the same positionrelative to the imaging apparatus. In the past, a pair of retention barsor retention screws was snugly inserted within a rodent's ears forholding the rodent in a relatively fixed position during imaging.

A problem can arise with the use of conventional ear bars when aspecimen must be imaged within a small, tight enclosure, such as withina small diameter bore of a small imaging coil in an MRI machine. Smallbore imaging coils are desirable for imaging small specimens such aslaboratory rodents because, in general, the smaller the bore of theimaging coil, the better is the clarity of an image.

As conventional ear bars or ear screws extend laterally or radiallyoutwardly when placed within the bore of an imaging coil, they can limitthe use of conventional specimen holders to larger bore imaging coils,and larger imaging machines with larger imaging areas. Moreover,relatively large conventional ear bars can interfere with the placementof small volume coils around the head area of a specimen.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been developed to eliminate the need forconventional laterally-projecting ear bars so as to allow for accurate,repeatable imaging of a laboratory specimen within small, tight imagingspaces, such as within small diameter bores of MRI imaging coils. Inparticular, the present invention is directed to an animal holder whichsets, references and positions an animal within a holder using acontoured body alignment bed and hard rigid contact and abutment againstthe animal's front incisor teeth and optionally against the animal'srear molar teeth. A resilient yoke or adjustable clamp can also be usedto bear against the sides of the specimen's head or within a specimen'sears to provide further alignment and positioning of the specimen on analignment bed.

A front incisor bite bar fixes the position of the animal's frontincisor teeth to provide a first axial and radial reference point, andone or more rear molar supports such as a rear bite bar can fix theanimal's rear molar teeth in a predetermined plane defined by the frontand rear pair of bite bars. In this manner, the specimen can berepeatedly imaged in the same relative position time and again, over thecourse of study.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a specimen isrepeatably positioned and held in a desired stereotaxic alignment withinan animal holder. The body, legs, and tail of a specimen are fittedclosely within alignment guides such as recesses and grooves matchingthe shape of the specimen. One or more incisor bite bars or rails canwork in combination with an optional molar bite bar or rail for engaginghard bone-like components and teeth in the mouth of the specimen. Thesehard points of contact establish spatial reference points for properlyand accurately positioning a specimen in all three dimensions of space.

These positive hard points of contact within a specimen's mouth in noway interfere with any surrounding imaging components or machinery.Moreover, these hard points of contact can provide a more accurate andrepeatable positioning of specimens as compared to prior systems whichrelied at least in part on contact with soft tissue, such as ear tissue,to position and restrain a specimen.

In one embodiment, the two front teeth of a rodent can be hooked over afront incisor bar or tooth rail to provide a fixed rigid point ofreference. At the same time, one or more molar bite bars or rails areforced in a wedge-like manner against the bottom of the specimen's uppermolars or rear teeth. This wedges and locks the head of the specimen ina preferred and repeatable position. The use of the spaced-apart bitebars and molar rails in hard abutting contact with the specimen's teethaligns the specimen's head in a fixed plane passing through the contactsurfaces of the bite bars and molar rails.

A wedge or head clamp, which can be incorporated in an anesthesia gasscavenging hood, can be used to press against the specimen's head andthereby force the specimen's teeth into contact with the front incisorbite bar and rear molar rail. The clamp or hood can be formed as ahalf-ring or half-cone which can be moved axially or longitudinally withrespect to the specimen's head so as to wedge downwardly on thespecimen's nose and/or head and rearwardly towards the specimen's tailto repeatably fix the specimen in a predetermined spatial orientation.The arched or inverted V-shaped inner contour of the half-ring headclamp hood provides a centering and wedging action which drives aspecimen's head into a predetermined laterally-centered andaxially-fixed position on the animal holder.

Anesthesia gas can be delivered directly into the specimen's nose andmouth through a compact ported gas delivery block and then exhaustedthrough the removable and adjustable gas scavenging head clamp hood. Inone embodiment, a cross bar can be mounted on the clamp hood to contactthe bridge of the specimen's nose and wedge it downwardly so thatcontact is made against the incisor bar and molar rail. This ensurescontact with only hard body parts, i.e., teeth.

In one embodiment, the incisor bar and molar rails can be constructed asan integral one-piece unit which can be mounted to a slideway for axialadjustment to accommodate specimens of different sizes. In anotherembodiment, one or more laterally-spaced longitudinally-extending molarrails can extend upwardly from the bite bar and into the specimen'smouth at a small angle, such as about 3 degrees. This aligns thespecimen's head at a predetermined stereotaxic imaging angle in allaxial positions.

The head clamp can also be adjustably arranged on a slideway to bedriven axially, either manually by a push or pull, or mechanically by ascrew drive, back and forth into and out of engagement with a specimen.The head clamp, incisor bar and molar rails can be mounted to an endblock which can be mounted on a vertical or inclined slideway for evenfurther adjustment of the position of the rodent's head into a preferredstandard imaging position, previously determined solely by ear bars.This provides repeatable specimen positioning and imaging in threedimensions. A proper or desired set point of the rodent's head can beindicated by laser beams or other indicating means such as mechanicalpointers.

An alternate or supplement to the molar rail or rails is a registrationplate which fits between the rodent's molars and presses upwardlyagainst the rodent's palate. Although a rodent's palate typically hassome soft tissue, this tissue is typically a very thin covering overhard bone or cartilage. Accuracy of placement using a rodent's palatecan be close to that achieved with molar rails.

In one embodiment, the incisor bar, molar rail or rails and/orregistration plate, as well as the head clamp and compact anesthesia gasdelivery and exhaust system can be mounted on a live specimen alignmentbed which is contoured to accurately position a specimen along threeaxes, time and again within a small bore imaging machine. The specimenalignment bed can be mounted to an animal holding system, which can beconnected to a specimen positioning system. The specimen positioningsystem can be mounted to a positioning assembly system adapted to bemounted to an imaging machine.

Additional accessories can be used in combination with the presentinvention, including radio-frequency coils, such as inert surface coils,for improving imaging quality and fluid delivery systems for providingconditioning air to a specimen, such as warm air, or warm water. Warmingfluid helps to stabilize a specimen exposed to cryogenic cooling fluidwhich surrounds the superconducting magnetic coils within which aspecimen may be placed. Additional fluid delivery systems can beprovided to deliver and exhaust anesthesia gasses to a specimen.

The aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the inventionwill in part, be pointed out with particularity, and will, in part,become clear from the following more detailed description of theinvention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, whichform an integral part thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a perspective exploded view of one example of an animalmanagement system, also called a specimen positioning system, adaptedfor use in an MRI machine and showing a specimen alignment system indashed lines mounted within a tubular animal holding system;

FIG. 2 is a perspective exploded view of an animal management systemadapted for use in a CT or PET imaging machine and showing a specimenalignment system in dashed lines;

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a first embodiment of ananimal alignment system embodied as an animal alignment bed constructedin accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a bottom perspective view of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a partial view in section of the alignment system of FIG. 3showing the flow of fluid through the system;

FIG. 6 is a partial bottom exploded perspective view showing a hood andclamp member adapted for use with the alignment system of FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a ported manifold block for exhaustinggas from the alignment system of FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment ofalignment system and specimen holder having an adjustable bite bar andadjustable clamping assembly;

FIG. 9 is a partial perspective view of the front end portion of thealignment system and specimen holder of FIG. 8 showing the placement ofa rodent's skull within the bite bar and clamping assembly;

FIG. 10 is a partial perspective view of a surface coil positioningassembly mounted on a representative specimen alignment bed;

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of the surface coil positioningassembly of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of a modular coil positioningassembly allowing serial interconnection of a set of surface coils;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a laboratory specimen held in positionwith a combination surface coil and specimen retainer clamped to arepresentative specimen alignment system;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a combination surface coil and specimenretainer similar to that of FIG. 13 and including a specimen warmingconduit;

FIG. 15 is an exploded perspective view of a specimen alignment systemhaving an upper specimen holding platform and a lower instrumentationholding platform;

FIG. 16 is a view in axial section through the specimen alignment systemof FIG. 15; and

FIG. 17 is a partial view in axial section through the animal alignmentsystem of FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A first embodiment of the present invention will now be described inconjunction with the drawings, beginning with FIG. 1 which shows ananimal management system or specimen positioning system 10representative of one system within which the alignment and head holdingapparatus may be used. The positioning system 10 is adapted for use inan MRI positioning assembly such as disclosed in US patent applicationpublication number US 2005/0027190A1, filed Aug. 10, 2001, underapplication Ser. No. 10/631,226, entitled Positioning Assembly forMagnet Coils and Specimens, and which is incorporated herein in itsentirety by reference.

The positioning system 10 is also adapted for use in a modular system ofthe type disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/346,850 filedFeb. 3, 2006, entitled Specimen Positioning System for Imaging Machines,and which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Thepositioning system 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes a detachable modularspecimen holder or animal holding system 12, which is removably andselectively mountable on a positioning receiver assembly 14, which isadapted for mounting on an imaging machine.

A modular coupling 16 is provided between the animal holding system 12and the positioning receiver assembly 14 for accurately and repeatablycoupling the animal holding system 12 to the positioning receiverassembly 14 to form a specimen positioning system 10. Coupling 16includes a male coupling portion 18 mounted on an outer end or rear endof the animal holding system 12 and a female coupling portion 20 mountedon an inner or front end of the positioning receiver assembly 14.

Once the male coupling portion 18 is inserted within the female couplingportion 20, a male keying member 22 projecting from a predeterminedcircumferential or clockwise position (such as 12 o'clock) on the malecoupling portion 18 is inserted and guided into a complementary keyingslot 24 formed at a predetermined circumferential or clockwise position(such as 12 o'clock) in or on the female coupling portion 20 so as tocircumferentially align the animal holding system 12 with thepositioning receiver assembly 14. This clockwise alignment ensuresproper, accurate and repeatable placement of a specimen held within theanimal holding system 12 within a known, generally horizontal, axialplane within the field of an imaging machine.

In order to lock or to release and separate the male coupling portion 18to or from the female coupling portion 20, an operator need only rotateor push a cam tab 28 in opposite directions. When released, the animalholding system 12 can then be easily removed and placed in anotherpositioning receiver assembly 14 in a different type of imaging machine.Additional details of the quick-connect and quick-disconnect coupling 16are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/346,851, filed Feb.3, 2006, entitled Coupling Assembly for Animal Management Systems, theentirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

As further shown in FIG. 1, the animal holding system 12 furtherincludes an interconnection panel 34 which includes various ports andfluid connectors 36 for the passage of fluids, such as anesthesiagasses, heating and/or cooling fluids and various electrical connectors38 for the connection of sensor lead wires from ECG sensors andrespiratory sensors, for example, located within a cylindrical animalholding chamber 39. The fluid ports 36 and electrical connectors 38communicate with aligned passages formed through the male couplingportion 18 to which the panel 34 is connected.

A lead support tray or trough 40 receives and supports the electricalwires and fluid tubes exiting the outer end of the male coupling portion18. These wires and tubes extend from within the panel 34, throughchannels or passages through the male coupling portion 18 and outwardlythrough passages 29 along the positioning receiver assembly 14. Theythen pass through one or more conduits 42 formed through the cylindricalbase 44 of the positioning receiver assembly 14. The tubes andelectrical leads can then be respectively connected to external sourcesof fluids and to remote monitoring devices via an outer connector plate45 which includes fluid and electrical connectors for quick and easyconnection and disconnection with the external monitoring devices.

The specimen or animal chamber 39 includes a cylindrical tube 46removably connected and hermetically sealed to the interconnection panel34. Tube 46 may be made of clear or transparent plastic or glass. An endcap 48 can be threaded onto an inner threaded open end of tube 46 asshown in FIG. 1. A porous filter 50 can be clamped or mounted to theinner end of tube 46 by end cap 48.

In order to accurately position and restrain a specimen, such as alaboratory rat, within the animal holding system 12, a live specimenalignment bed 52 is accurately positioned axially and circumferentially(clockwise) within tube 39.

A different type of specimen holder is disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/526,115, filed Sep. 22, 2006, having the sameinventor as the present invention. The outer end of the alignment bed 52is accurately and removably mounted to and cantilevered from theinterconnection panel 34 by a pair of apertured flanges 55 havingeyelets 54 (FIG. 2) which align with threaded bores in theinterconnection panel 34. Threaded fasteners such as plastic screws canbe used to fix the alignment bed 52 to the interconnection panel 34 viaeyelets 54. Additional keying and alignment may be provided between thealignment bed 52 and the interconnection panel 34 using, for example,axially-extending keying pins and sockets, wherein the pins nest closelywithin the sockets.

As seen in FIG. 3, the alignment bed 52 is formed with a centrallongitudinal groove or channel 56 for accurately aligning and holdingthe body and tail of an animal centrally within the tube 39. Channel 56extends closely parallel with the central axis 57 (FIG. 1) of tube 39 toalign the spine and tail of an animal, such as a rodent, parallel withaxis 57. Rearwardly and downwardly extending rear grooves or rear legchannels or slots 58 are formed in and beneath bed side portions or bedsidewalls 61. The rear leg channels 58 extend longitudinally or axiallyrearwardly along alignment bed 52 for positioning and fixing inpredetermined place the rear legs of an animal. Forwardly anddownwardly-extending grooves or leg channels or slots 60 are likewiseformed in the sidewalls 61 of alignment bed 52 for positioning andfixing in predetermined place the front legs of an animal. Thisarrangement of forwardly and rearwardly extending leg grooves mimics andcorresponds to the position of a rodent lying on a pipe or tree branch,and seems to provide a comfortable, natural prone positioning for aresting rodent.

An advantage of having sidewalls 61 extending downwardly from channel 56is the ability to fully support a specimen's legs on three sides withinleg grooves 58 and 60. That is, the front, rear and inner surfaces of aspecimen's legs are naturally constrained and accurately positioned in acomfortable manner within the leg grooves 58 and 60 so as to protect thespecimen's legs during handling, mounting and imaging.

A front incisor bite bar 62 (FIG. 3) is placed at the inner or front endportion of the alignment bed 52 to serve as a registration surface andto anchor an animal's front or incisor teeth 115 (FIG. 17) in a knownaxial (longitudinal) position which corresponds to a position closelyadjacent to the centerline or “sweet spot” of the field of view of eachimaging machine into which the positioning system 10 (FIG. 1) issubsequently mounted. A head clamp 84 (FIG. 3) may also be provided tocenter and lock an animal's head in a predetermined axial location, apredetermined lateral or transverse location and a predetermined radialor circumferential orientation on the alignment bed 52.

Additional details of one embodiment of an alignment bed 52 are furthershown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, the specimenalignment platform or support bed 52 is formed, for example, by plasticmolding as a lightweight thin-walled hollow beam. Other manufacturingtechniques include carbon fiber lay-up using carbon sheets and epoxyresin placed on a form, and stereo lithography sintering (SLS). Bed 52is adapted to be cantilevered from interconnection panel 34 (FIG. 1) byeyelets 54 on mounting flanges 55 through which fasteners may bethreaded into panel 34 to anchor the rear wall 69 of bed 52 against thepanel 34. Additional support can be provided to the forward end of thesupport bed 52 as described further below in connection with FIGS. 15and 16.

When the bed 52 is tightly mounted to panel 34, fluid intake ports 66 onrear end wall 69 are aligned with fluid outlet ports on panel 34 forreceiving fluids such as warm air or warm water for warming a specimenduring imaging procedures. For additional precision in locating the bed52 on panel 34, axial bores 71 (FIG. 3) are positioned to receive dowelpins 53 (FIG. 4) extending axially from the interconnection panel 34.

As seen in FIG. 4, any fluid or gas 65 entering intake ports 66 flowslongitudinally through axial flow channels 68 and exits the channels 68via exhaust ports 70. The gas exiting ports 70 then flows throughout theholding chamber 39 (FIG. 1) to warm or otherwise condition or treat aspecimen positioned on bed 52.

As further shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, anesthesia gas or other fluid may bedelivered to the mouth and nose area of a specimen restrained on thealignment bed 52 via a combination anesthesia hood and head clamp 84. Inone example, a flexible plastic hose 63 can be connected at one end to afitting or nipple 36 on panel 34 for receiving anesthesia gas. As seenin FIG. 5, the other end of the plastic hose 63 can be connected to afitting 89 on or near an intake port 73 formed in a ported block portion51 provided on the front end of the alignment bed 52. As represented bythe directional arrows 75 in FIG. 5, anesthesia gas is channeledupwardly through intake port 73 into the mouth and nose region of aspecimen, adjacent to the front bite bar 62.

After anesthesia gas flows over the mouth and nose of a specimen, it isexhausted through the combination exhaust hood and head clamp 84 and outthrough the panel 34 (FIG. 1) through an exhaust line. As seen in FIGS.3 and 5, a flexible plastic anesthesia gas exhaust hose or exhaust tube72 extends from the rear end portion of the alignment bed 52 to thefront end portion of the alignment bed 52. The flexible plastic exhausttube 72 can be fitted over a nipple exhaust fitting on a fluid or gasexhaust outlet port on panel 34 (FIG. 1).

As seen in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, a ported manifold block 74 is attached toa ported exhaust manifold block 77 molded integrally on the front endportion of the alignment bed 52. Exhaust manifold block 77 may also beprovided as a separate cast or machined plastic component and fixed tothe alignment bed with plastic screws or adhesives. The manifold block74 has an exhaust bore or channel 81 (FIG. 5) which communicates withexhaust hose 72 via fitting 85. The manifold blocks 74 and 77 can beformed as a single cast or machined component if desired, and formedwith a single flow path or multiple flow paths therethrough.

Channel 81 also communicates with a common exhaust collection chamber 83(FIG. 7). Chamber 83 divides into a pair of distribution exhaustchannels 78 which remove gas from the gas hood and clamp member 84. Thechannels 78 respectively communicate with a pair of upwardly-extendingelongated slots 80 (FIGS. 5 and 6). Slots 80 (FIG. 3) exit the topsurface of bed 52 through a pair of flat manifold pads 82.

While hoses 63 and 72 can in some embodiments extend all the way to apoint adjacent the front bite bar 62, these hoses can become relativelybulky and obtrusive when connected to very narrow alignment beds 52. Ashigher resolution images are possible with smaller bore imagingmachines, it is desirable to make the beds 52 as narrow as possible.This is achieved by forming the narrow flow paths for intake and exhaustgas through ported blocks 51, 74 and 77. These flowpaths can be machinedor molded with very small profiles thereby minimizing the bed size andseparating and spacing the gas hoses 63, 72 away from the crowded endportion of the support bed.

As seen in FIGS. 4 and 6, the hood and clamp member 84 has a bottomportion formed with a pair of flat sliding pads 86 adapted to slide overthe manifold pads 82. An elongated slot 88 is formed through eachsliding pad 86. Slots 88 are positioned to align over and communicatewith slots 80 over a predetermined length of longitudinal or axialtravel.

Each slot 88 extends through the hood and clamp member 84 and joinstogether and communicates with a common fluid exhaust port 90. Fluid,such as anesthesia gas, can be efficiently exhausted from the archedrecessed area around a specimen's nose and mouth through an exhaust flowpath extending along bed 52. This flowpath extends via port 90 in thegas hood and clamp member 84, from the front to the rear of bed 52through the exhaust manifold block 77, manifold block 74, block 51exhaust-hose 72 and couplings 18 and 20 and through the positioningreceiver assembly 14 to an external gas collection or recirculationapparatus (not shown).

An elongated tongue 92 (FIG. 6) extends downwardly between the slidingpads 86 on the hood and clamp member 84 to fit closely within anaxially-extending groove 94 (FIG. 3) formed between the manifold pads 82on alignment bed 52. This tongue-and-groove sliding interconnectioncenters the hood and clamp member 84 on the front end of the alignmentbed 52.

As seen in FIGS. 3 and 5, the hood and clamp member 84 is longitudinallyor axially adjustable along, and closely retained within, groove 94 bythe tongue and groove interconnection. An axially-extending slot 96(FIG. 3) is formed through a front portion 98 on the hood and clampmember 84. A threaded bore 100 (FIG. 3) is formed through the front endportion of the alignment bed 52 for receiving a set screw 102 passingthrough the slot 96 on the hood and clamp member 84.

Set screw 102 passes freely through slot 96 in the hood and clamp member84 and threads into bore 100. By loosening set screw 102, the head andclamp member 84 can be easily slid axially over the manifold pads 82toward and away from a specimen's head 106 (FIG. 9). Once the head andclamp member 84 is adjusted into a desired position, it can be locked inplace by tightening the set screw 102 to clamp and fix the head andclamp member 84 tightly to the manifold pads 82 so as to form agas-tight seal therebetween.

As further seen in FIG. 6, the head and clamp member 84 is formed with arearwardly-extending cantilevered clamping hood 108. Clamping hood 108at least partially surrounds the fluid exhaust port 90 through whichanesthesia gas may be exhausted. A small frustoconical or cup-shapedrecess 110 immediately surrounds the fluid exhaust port 90 andtransitions upwardly into a central arched recess 112 contoured to matchthe general contour of the bridge area of a rodent's nose 111 (FIGS. 9and 17). Recess 112 is aligned and centered above and parallel with andsymmetrical about the central channel 56 on the alignment bed 52, andtapers upwardly and rearwardly to provide a gradually-inclined invertedV-shaped arched wedging surface.

It can be appreciated that when the hood and clamp member 84 is axiallyforced rearwardly into contact with a rodent or similar specimen, theinverted V-shaped arched recess 112 engages the top and sides of arodent's nose 111 (FIGS. 9 and 17) and presses or wedges the rodent'shead downwardly and rearwardly into contact with the front transversebite bar 62 over which a rodent's front teeth 115 are positioned. At thesame time, the arched recess 112 laterally or transversely centers therodent's head in axial symmetrical alignment over the central channel 56by wedging the rodent's head within the inverted V-shaped recess orgroove.

In this manner, the rodent's head is repeatably positioned both axiallyagainst the front bite bar 62 and transversely centered on the bite bar62 over the central channel 56. The upwardly converging sidewalls 114 ofthe arched recess 112 effectively transversely wedge the rodent's headinto a fixed predetermined position time after time for highlyrepeatable imagining.

Additional positioning accuracy can be obtained by providing a secondregistration surface in the form of a rear bite bar 120 (FIG. 3) behindand slightly above the first bite bar 62. For example, a stereotaxicupward and rearward angle of about 3 degrees from the horizontal planeof the alignment bed can be defined between the front and rear bitebars. The rear bite bar 120, like the front bite bar 62, is mounted on apair of supports 122 spaced apart on opposite sides of the alignment bed52. The rear bite bar 120 is positioned to engage and lock in positionthe rodent's rear upper molar teeth 121 (FIG. 17).

Because the bite bars 62 and 120 are located in a known orientation andposition, and because they engage only hard bone or teeth of the rodent,it is possible to accurately and repeatably position a rodent on thealignment bed time and again. Moreover, the central groove 56 and theleg slots 58, 60 provide further longitudinal and transverse centeringof the rodent's head and body on the alignment bed. As the bite bars canaccommodate virtually any size rodent, the alignment bed can be usedwith rodents of varying sizes.

As further seen in FIG. 3, the alignment bed 52 can be formed withcontoured recesses 126 for receiving monitors for monitoring thecondition of a specimen. Recesses 126 can be formed as cylindricalpockets in the lower end of one or more of the front and rear legchannels 58, 60. By positioning a monitor, such as an ECG monitor, atthe lower end of channels 58, 60, a rodent's hairless foot pads can beautomatically positioned on the monitor. This arrangement also obviatesthe need for hairless or “nude” mice and rats, as well as the need toshave hairy or furry rodents. Pockets 126 insure the accurate andrepeatable placement of a monitor on the sidewalls 61, as well as on aspecimen.

An additional recess or pocket 128 can be formed along the centralchannel or groove 56 to receive and accurately and repeatably locate anadditional monitor, such as a respiratory monitor or respiratory“pillow”. Still another recess 132 can be formed along channel 56adjacent the tail end of a specimen for receiving a pad 134 of absorbentmaterial for absorbing liquid and solid waste from a specimen.

Again referring to FIG. 3, an optional nose, head or ear clamp 136 isshown provided on the head clamp 84. Clamp 136 can be formed with a pairof cantilevered resilient arms 138 configured to resiliently clamp orpinch opposite sides of a rodent's face or head. The arms 138 can berelatively small, as they need act only to center a rodent's head ratherthan clamp and fix a rodent's head by deep insertion into the rodent'sears.

A pair of hard plastic or rubber pads or nibs 140 can be provided on theends of the arms 138 for positioning against the sides of a rodent'shead or in a rodent's ears. The nibs 140 can be either fixed in positionor transversely adjustable to conform to each specimen's head. In thismanner, the clamp 84 acts as a yoke to provide additional axialalignment and centering of a rodent over channel 56, with arms 138 beingspaced symmetrically laterally spaced over channel 56. The rounded padsor nibs 140 prevent damage to a rodent's ear which can otherwise occurwith the use of conventional ear bars using set screws.

Another embodiment of a specimen head positioning system is shown inFIGS. 8 and 9 wherein a front incisor bite bar 62 is axially adjustableon the front end portion of the alignment bed 52, and an ear yoke 150with ear cushions or nibs 140 is axially fixed in position on thealignment bed 52. An incisor slide 152 is closely slidably mounted in aslideway 154 molded or machined on the front end portion of thealignment bed 52.

A gas hood and clamp member 84 is slidably mounted on the top flatsurface 156 of the incisor slide 152. The gas hood and clamp member 84is held on the incisor slide 152 by an adjustable clamping screw 158which passes through an elongated central slot 160 in the gas hood clampmember 84, through an elongated central slot 162 in the incisor slide152 and into a threaded bore 164 in the slideway 154. Slots 160 and 162are axially aligned, one over the other, for independent slidingmovement of the gas hood and clamping member 84 and the incisor slide152.

The incisor slide 152 can be accurately driven axially back and forthalong the slideway 154 by a manual drive screw 166 threaded into anaxially-extending bore in the end face 168 of the alignment bed 52. Aretainer nut 170 is fixed on the drive screw 166 to provide an abutmentsurface for retracting the incisor slide 152 away from a specimen. Anon-threaded clearance bore 171 is formed through a flange 173 on theincisor slide for free passage of the drive screw 166.

The gas hood and clamping member 84 is also axially adjustable with adrive screw 172 which is threaded through flange 174 on the incisorslide 152. In use, an operator places a specimen, such as a laboratoryrodent, in the yoke 150 and then hooks the specimen's incisors over thefront bite bar 62 (a rear molar bite bar may also be provided on theincisor slide). The operator then retracts the incisor slide with drivescrew 166 to place the specimen's incisors under a light tension orpull. The gas hood and clamp 84 is then driven into clamping engagementwith the specimen's nose by turning drive screw 172. At this point, theclamping screw 158 is tightened to firmly hold the gas hood and clampingmember 84 and the incisor slide 152 in an accurate axially-fixedlocation. At this point, the specimen is secure for imaging.

Another embodiment of the specimen support system is shown in FIGS. 10,11 and 12 wherein an easily mountable and easily demountable plasticcoil holder 180 is formed with a pair of inwardly-projecting clampingrails 182 for clamping against the undersurface 184 of the sidewalls 61of the alignment bed 52. A clamp screw or set screw 186 is threadedthrough a threaded bore 188 in a flattened central portion of the roofof the coil holder 180. By tightening the set screw 186, the tip of theset screw engages a pad 190 on the top of the front end portion of thealignment bed 52 and lifts the coil holder 180 upwardly. This causes theclamping rails 182 to engage the undersurface 184 of the alignment bedside walls 61 and thereby fix the coil holder 180 in a desired fixedaxial location on the alignment bed 52.

By loosening the set screw 186, the coil holder 180 can be easilymounted on and/or slid back and forth along the alignment bed and thenfixed in axial position by tightening the set screw 186 or removed fromthe alignment bed, as desired. This slidable mounting arrangement isvery quick and simple.

A surface coil support platform 191 includes a pair of mounting pins 192which are dimensioned to fit closely within smooth axial bores 194formed in the roof of the coil holder 180. As seen in FIG. 12, each coilsupport platform 191 can be formed with axial bores 196 to receive themounting pins 192 on additional coil support platforms 191. In thismanlier, any number of surface coil platforms 191 can be interconnectedas desired for enhancing the imaging resolution of the specimen image.As further seen in FIG. 12 more than one coil holder can be clamped tothe alignment bed 52 for holding additional support platforms 191.

One or more surface coils 198 is mounted on each coil support platform191 in the form of, for example, a loop of copper, gold or othernonmagnetic material. The surface coils 198 can be plated onto theplatforms 190, insert molded, or adhesively bonded to the coil platforms191 using techniques common to circuit board manufacture.

The coil support platforms 191 and the coil holders 180 can be formed ofclear molded rigid plastic. This allows an operator of an imagingmachine to see through the coil holders and coil support platforms andto view and monitor the condition, position and location of a specimen200 (FIG. 13) clamped in position on the alignment bed 52. This surfacecoil mounting arrangement also allows an operator to locate the surfacecoils 198 very close to the specimen 200 to achieve the best imagingresolution.

Another multipurpose coil support platform and specimen retainer 202 isshown in FIGS. 13 and 14. In this embodiment, one or more surface coils198 is provided on an arched support surface 204 in a manner asdescribed above. A fluid conduit 206 can be provided on the specimenretainer 202 as a molded channel or as a separate component such as aplastic tube bonded to the retainer 202. Warm air, water or other fluidcan be pumped and recirculated through the fluid conduit 206 to warm thespecimen 200 when it is positioned in a cold bore of a supercooledsuperconducting imaging magnet.

Retainer 202 can be mounted to the specimen alignment bed 52 with aresilient snap-fit connection provided by cantilevered spring legs 208.Legs 208 include hooked free end portions 210 which deflect transverselyoutwardly when pushed down on top of the sidewalls 61 of the alignmentbed 52 and then snap back into spring-biased engagement against thesidewalls 61 and sidewall undersurface 184 as shown by directionalarrows 211.

Retainer 202 also serves as a specimen retainer to gently clamp aspecimen 200 in a predetermined position on the alignment bed 52. Theshape of the inner surface of the retainer 202 is contoured to match thegeneral contours of the body of a specimen so that when the retainerengages the back and sides of a specimen, it closely fits against thespecimen without any high pressure points or pinch points. This closeintimate contact helps to transfer heat from the warming fluid to thespecimen 200.

Further support and positioning can be provided to the specimen 200 byforming outwardly contoured recesses or cut-out portions 212 in thesupport surface 204 to match the position of the specimen's front andrear feet located in the front and rear leg channels 60, 58 formed inthe alignment bed 52.

An additional cut-out or window 214 can be provided in the supportsurface 204 for allowing the specimen to be injected through the window214. The position of coil 198 can be fixed to lie over any chosenportion of the specimen.

Another embodiment of the specimen alignment system is shown in FIGS. 15and 16. In this example, the alignment bed is constructed with an upperspecimen alignment bed or animal platform 220 and a lowerinstrumentation support platform 222. The upper platform 220 can bereleasably secured to the lower platform 222 by plastic screws 224engaged in threaded bores 226. Alignment pins 228 and sockets 230 canprovide further alignment and registration between the animal platform220 and the instrumentation platform 222.

An advantage to this construction is that an animal specimen 200 (FIG.13) can be secured to the upper platform 220 as described above withoutconnecting any instrumentation to the animal. As all theinstrumentation, sensors, electronics and most or all of the fluid flowtubes can be provided on the lower instrumentation support platform,animal specimens can be quickly and easily secured to the animalplatform either before or after the animal platform 220 is secured tothe instrumentation support platform 222.

The animal platform 220 includes a central longitudinalaxially-extending trough or body alignment groove 56 and a tailalignment groove 221. First and second rear leg slots, grooves orchannels 58 receive and position the rear legs of a specimen and firstand second front leg slots, grooves or channels 60 receive and positionthe front legs of a specimen on the animal platform 220.

A central longitudinally-elongated aperture or clearance hole 234 isformed through the alignment groove 56 between the front and rear legchannels 60, 58 and aligned with a specimen's chest and lungs. Aperture234 allows for the free passage of a respiratory sensor or “pillow” 236mounted on the lower instrumentation support platform 222. Anaxially-slidable pedestal 238 has rails 240 which slide along slidewayledges 242 on the lower instrumentation support platform 222 toaccurately adjust and axially align the respiratory sensor 236 with aspecimen's lungs.

Additional monitors or sensors can be mounted on the instrumentationsupport platform 222 in sensor pockets or sensor holders 126 which arepositioned to engage a specimen's feet, as described above. Electricalleads from the sensors mounted in the sensor holders 126 along with thefluid tube 246 on the respiratory sensor 236 are guided to the end wall69 of the support platform 222 by a longitudinally grooved central axialwall 250.

Warming fluid can be introduced and recirculated between the animalplatform 220 and the instrumentation platform 222 by a flow tube 252which runs axially between the platforms in a closed loop. Anesthesiagas is delivered to the specimen through gas delivery flow tube 63 andexhausted through gas exhaust flow tube 72 as described above. The flowtubes 63 and 72 are routed through apertured bulkheads 260 on the lowersupport platform 222, and communicate with one or more ported gas flowblocks 77 as described above. Fluid quick-connect couplings 253 can beprovided on the flow tubes for easy connection and disconnection topanel 34.

A V-shaped plastic spacer band 262 is mounted to the front end of theanimal support platform 220. A hollow radially-stepped threadedconnector 264 is fixed to the space band 262 for threaded connection toan end cap 48 on a specimen tube 39 (FIG. 1) for fixing the specimentube against the panel 34 and for providing support to the inner end ofthe specimen alignment system. A central passage 266 extends through theconnector 264 for passage of a hypodermic needle. A check valve 270 isprovided in passage 266 to allow for passage of fluids via a syringe butto prevent escape of gas from cylinder tube 46.

The upper animal platform 220 includes a combination exhaust hood andhead clamp 84 which is manually slidable over an incisor bite bar slide152 which can be axially adjusted as described above. The use andoperation of this specimen alignment system is substantially similar tothat of the prior disclosed embodiments.

There has been disclosed heretofore the best embodiment of the inventionpresently contemplated. However, it is to be understood that variouschanges and modifications may be made thereto without departing from thespirit of the invention.

1. An apparatus configured to support, hold and restrain an animalspecimen in a fixed prone position within a bore of an imaging machine,comprising: an elongated bed insertable within a bore of an imagingmachine, said bed being contoured to tightly and repeatable hold aspecimen in a predetermined fixed prone position on said bed, said bedhaving a front portion and a rear portion, a top portion and anunderside portion and having a centrally locatedlongitudinally-extending contoured body groove formed within said topportion for receiving and aligning a specimen along said bed in the sameposition each time the specimen is placed on the bed; and first andsecond outer side walls on opposite sides of said centrally locatedlongitudinally extending body groove of said bed, said outer side wallshaving first and second downwardly-extending leg channels recessedwithin said top portion and said outer side walls angularly disposed tosaid centrally located longitudinally extending body groove, said legchannels repeatably positioning, restraining and fixing in apredetermined place on said bed first and second legs of a specimenduring handling, mounting and imaging of a specimen within the bore ofan imaging machine.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first andsecond leg channels extend forwardly along said outer side walls.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein said first and second leg channels extendrearwardly along said outer side walls.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1,further comprising an aperture formed in said bed adjacent said bodygroove for passage of a monitor.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising a recessed pocket formed in said bed and dimensioned toreceive a monitor.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said pocket isformed in a lower portion of at least one of said leg channels forreceiving a foot of a specimen.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising two channels extending along said bed for the passage offluids along said bed, said channels each having an intake port and anexhaust port.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said bed comprises arear wall and wherein said two channels extend along said rear portionof said bed each of said two channels has said intake port adjacent tosaid rear wall.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a hosehaving a gas port provided on said bed for delivering gas to a specimen.10. An apparatus supporting, holding and restraining an animal specimenin a fixed prone position within a bore of an imaging machine during animaging procedure, comprising: an elongated bed insertable within a boreof an imaging machine, said bed being contoured to tightly andrepeatably hold a specimen in a predetermined fixed prone position onsaid bed, said bed having a front portion and a rear portion, a topportion and an underside portion and having a centrally locatedlongitudinally-extending contoured body groove formed within said topportion for receiving and aligning a specimen along said bed in the sameposition each time the specimen is placed on said bed, said body groovedefined by first and second longitudinally-extending opposed inner wallsformed along a central portion of said bed, said first and second innerwalls extending upwardly on opposite sides of said body groove to definefirst and second longitudinally extending specimen support ridgesextending beneath and supporting the body of a specimen; first andsecond outer side walls respectively extending downwardly from saidfirst and second longitudinally-extending specimen support ridges andtransversely spaced outwardly from said inner walls, said first andsecond longitudinally-extending specimen support ridges extendingtransversely between said inner and outer side walls; first and secondfront leg supports comprising first and second downwardly extending leggrooves respectively located on said first and second outer side wallsfor receiving first and second legs of said specimen; and said first andsecond downwardly-extending leg grooves respectively recessed withinsaid top portion, inner walls, support ridges and said first and secondouter side walls and angularly disposed to said centrally locatedlongitudinally extending body groove and contoured for receiving,protecting and constraining front, rear and inner surfaces of the firstand second legs of said specimen during handling, mounting, and imagingof a specimen within the bore of an imaging machine.
 11. An apparatusfor supporting an animal specimen in a fixed prone position within abore of an imaging machine, comprising: an elongated bed insertablewithin a bore of an imaging machine, said bed being contoured to tightlyand repeatably hold a specimen in a predetermined fixed prone positionon said bed, said bed having a front portion and a rear portion, a topportion and an underside portion and having a centrally locatedlongitudinally-extending contoured body groove formed within said topportion for receiving and aligning a specimen along said bed in the sameposition each time the specimen is placed on said bed; first and secondouter side walls respectively extending downwardly on opposite sides ofsaid centrally located longitudinally-extending body groove of said bed;and first and second downwardly extending front leg channelsrespectively recessed within said top portion and said first and secondouter side walls and angularly disposed to said centrally locatedlongitudinally extending body groove and contoured to support the frontlegs of said specimen and to constrain, protect and position the frontlegs of said specimen in a fixed predetermined position on said bedduring handling, mounting and imaging of a specimen within the bore ofan imaging machine.
 12. An apparatus for supporting an animal specimenin the bore of an imaging machine, comprising: an elongated bedinsertable within a bore of an imaging machine, said bed being contouredto tightly and repeatably hold a specimen in a predetermined fixed proneposition on said bed, said bed having a front portion and a rearportion, a top portion and an underside portion and having a centrallylocated longitudinally extending body groove formed within said topportion for receiving and aligning a specimen along said bed in the sameposition each time the specimen is placed on said bed; first and secondouter side walls on opposite sides of said centrally locatedlongitudinally extending body groove; first and second downwardlyextending front leg supports respectively recessed within said topportion and said first and second outer side walls and angularlydisposed to said longitudinally extending body groove for receivingfront, rear and inner surfaces of the front legs of said specimen; andfirst and second downwardly extending rear leg supports respectivelyrecessed within said top portion and said first and second outer sidewalls and angularly disposed to said centrally located longitudinallyextending body groove for receiving front, rear and inner surfaces ofthe rear legs of said specimen, wherein said first and second front legsupports and said first and second rear leg supports are respectivelyformed so as to repeatably position and fix in a predetermined place onsaid bed the front and rear legs of said specimen during handling,mounting and imaging of a specimen within the bore of an imagingmachine, said front and rear portions of said bed and said first andsecond front and rear leg supports defining said predetermined place onsaid bed.
 13. An apparatus for supporting an animal specimen in a fixedprone position within a bore of an imaging machine, comprising: anelongated bed having a front portion and a rear portion, a top portionand an underside portion and having a centrally located longitudinallyextending body groove formed within said top portion for receiving andaligning a specimen along said bed; first and second outer side walls onopposite sides of said centrally located longitudinally extending bodygroove of said bed; first and second downwardly extending front legsupports respectively located on said first and second outer side wallsfor receiving front legs of said specimen; first and second downwardlyextending rear leg supports respectively located on said first andsecond outer side walls for receiving rear legs of said specimen; and atleast one of said leg supports comprising a channel recessed within saidtop portion and one of said first and second outer side walls andangularly disposed to said centrally located longitudinally extendingbody groove and extending downwardly into a pocket dimensioned toreceive a monitor, said pocket located beneath at least one of saidfirst and second outer sidewalls and positioned below a foot of aspecimen and wherein said bed and said first and second front and rearleg supports position a specimen in the same prone position each time aspecimen is placed on said bed.